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On webbist, we are doing our best to curate and share the knowledge on child development. The content of the website are curated from books, articles, journals, associations, manuals, universities and/ or other resources.

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Infancy

The infancy stage is marked by rapid physical growth, sensory exploration, and the development of basic motor skills. Babies begin to form strong emotional bonds with caregivers and lay the foundation for future cognitive and social development.
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Childhood

During early childhood (sometimes called preschool years), children start to develop school readiness skills, spend many hours in play and with peers and become more self-sufficient and to care for themselves.

Middle and late childhood (sometimes referred to elementary school years). Children master the fundamental skills of reading, writing and arithmetic, formally exposed to larger world, more focus on achievement and increase in self-control.
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Adolescence

adolescence involves deeper self-exploration, emotional maturation, and increased autonomy. Teenagers face new challenges in managing social relationships, academic pressures, and making decisions about their future.
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Thing to known for child development

  • Physical Development
    Rapid growth in height and weight; development of motor skills such as crawling, standing, and walking; sensory exploration of the world.
  • Cognitive Development
    Emergence of basic cognitive functions like memory, problem-solving, and object permanence; beginning of language development.
  • Emotional Development
    Formation of strong attachment bonds with primary caregivers; expression of basic emotions like joy, fear, and anger.
  • Social Development
    Recognition of familiar people; early forms of communication such as babbling and gesturing.

  • Attachment
    Secure attachment is crucial for healthy emotional and social development. Inconsistent or insensitive caregiving can lead to attachment disorders.
  • Separation Anxiety
    Common around 8-12 months as infants become more aware of the absence of their primary caregivers.

  • Responsive Caregiving
    Ensure consistent, nurturing interactions with the infant to promote secure attachment.
  • Safe Exploration
    Provide a safe environment for the infant to explore and develop motor skills.

  • Physical Development
    Continued growth; refinement of motor skills such as running, jumping, and drawing.
  • Cognitive Development
    Development of symbolic thought; rapid language acquisition; beginning of logical reasoning and imagination.
  • Emotional Development
    Increased self-awareness; learning to manage emotions; development of empathy.
  • Social Development
    Play becomes more complex; formation of friendships; learning social norms and rules.

  • Language Delays
    Some children may experience delays in language development, which can affect social interactions and learning.
  • Behavioral Challenges
    Issues such as temper tantrums, defiance, or difficulty with transitions can arise as children learn to navigate their emotions and autonomy.

  • Encourage Language Development
    Engage in conversations, read together, and expand vocabulary through play and activities.
  • Set Boundaries
    Establish consistent routines and gentle discipline to help the child understand expectations and manage emotions.

  • Physical Development
    Slower, steady growth; development of fine motor skills and coordination; increased physical activity.
  • Cognitive Development
    Improvement in logical thinking, problem-solving, and understanding complex concepts; development of academic skills.
  • Emotional Development
    Growing sense of self-esteem and competence; ability to manage more complex emotions.
  • Social Development
    Stronger peer relationships; importance of social acceptance; understanding of social rules and fairness.

  • Learning Disabilities
    Issues like dyslexia or ADHD may become more apparent as academic demands increase.
  • Peer Pressure and Bullying
    Increased focus on peer relationships can lead to challenges with social dynamics, including bullying.

  • Support Academic Learning
    Provide help with homework and encourage a positive attitude toward learning.
  • Foster Healthy Friendships
    Encourage participation in group activities and teach social skills to navigate peer relationships.

  • Physical Development
    Onset of puberty; rapid physical changes including growth spurts and development of secondary sexual characteristics.
  • Cognitive Development
    Emergence of abstract thinking; questioning of identity and values; increased independence in thought.
  • Emotional Development
    Heightened sensitivity to emotions; search for identity; fluctuating self-esteem.
  • Social Development
    Increased focus on peer relationships; desire for independence from family; exploration of romantic interests.

  • Body Image and Self-Esteem
    Concerns about physical appearance can lead to issues such as low self-esteem, eating disorders, or anxiety.
  • Risky Behaviors
    Experimentation with risky behaviors, such as substance use or early sexual activity, may begin during this stage

  • Open Communication
    Maintain open, non-judgmental communication to discuss changes, feelings, and challenges.
  • Support Identity Formation
    Encourage exploration of interests, values, and beliefs while providing guidance and support.

  • Physical Development
    Continuation of puberty; nearing physical maturity.
  • Cognitive Development
    Jean Piaget, the famous Swiss developmental psychologist. Piaget’s careful observations of his three children that contributed to the development of his cognitive theory.

    How do children construct their understanding of the world? Santrock (2010) states cognitive developmental approaches place special emphasis on how individuals actively construct their thinking. They also focus heavily on how thinking changes from one point in development to another. According to Jean Piaget’s theory, several concepts such as schemes, assimilation, accommodation, organization and equilibrium are involved during this process.

    Cognitive Schemes : behavioral schemes, symbolic schemes, operational schemes
    According to Piaget's theory, children actively construct knowledge by forming schemes. Shaffer (2005) states scheme is an organized pattern of thought or action that is used to cope with or explain some aspect of experience. Initially, infants use behavioral schemes (physical activities), such as sucking and grasping, to interact with their environment (Santrock, 2010). Late in infancy, children are able to represent experiences mentally using visual images or verbal codes, which are forming symbolic schemes. Later after entering grade school, children develop operational schemes, the form of internal mental activities or “actions of the head”, which enable children to transform objects of thought and to reason logically, such as problem-solving strategies, cognitive addition or substration. This process continues throughout life, resulting in adults having a diverse collection of schemes ranging from how to drive a car to balancing a budget to the concept of fairness .

    Constructing Schemes: constructivists, organization, adaptation, assimilation
    Shaffer (2005) states Piaget’s view on children’s intellectual functions is children as constructivists, who actively develop new understandings of the world through their own experiences. Organization is an innate and automatic process where children refine their understanding by combining existing mental frameworks (schemes) into more complex intellectual structures. For instance, a toddler might initially categorize all flying objects as 'birds.' Through experience, they learn to differentiate and creating a more complex structure where a flying object can be bird, plane or Superman.
  • Emotional Development
    Continued exploration of identity; balancing independence with the need for support.
  • Social Development
    Deepening of friendships and romantic relationships; exploration of sexual identity; greater focus on future goals.

  • Identity Confusion
    Struggles with self-identity, including gender and sexual orientation, may lead to confusion or distress.
  • Mental Health Concerns
    Increased risk for depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues due to academic pressures, social stress, and identity exploration.

  • Mental Health Awareness
    Be vigilant for signs of mental health issues and encourage seeking help if needed.
  • Guidance for Future Planning
    Provide support in setting goals and making decisions about education, career, and other future plans.

  • Physical Development
    Reaching full physical maturity; establishing adult health habits.
  • Cognitive Development
    Continued development of complex reasoning and decision-making skills; focus on long-term goals.
  • Emotional Development
    Greater emotional stability; stronger sense of self-identity and personal values.
  • Social Development
    Transition to adult roles and responsibilities; forming long-term relationships; independence from family.

  • Transition to Adulthood
    Navigating the transition from adolescence to adulthood can lead to stress, anxiety, or uncertainty about the future.
  • Independence vs. Dependence
    Balancing the desire for independence with the need for support can create internal conflict.

  • Support Independence
    Encourage responsibility and independence while providing emotional support as needed.
  • Prepare for Adult Roles
    Offer guidance on financial management, career planning, and relationship building as they transition into adulthood.
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